veterinarnaya klinicheskaya patologiya m dzhekson3661431

Veterinarnaya Klinicheskaya Patologiya M Dzhekson3661431 Series Of Single

Moreover, a small amount of LTAM-like lymphoid formations is found in the.

Data on the features of mucosal immunity in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and asthma are presented.

The concept of a local allergic response in the mucosa of the respiratory tract is considered.

Changes in mucosal immunity in occupational respiratory pathology, as well as in athletes of higher achievements, are considered.

Information on the effect on the respiratory system of chemical occupational pollutants, including nanosizedparticles is also given.

In the process of evolution, that part of the immune system that is associated with the mucous membranes of various body systems (gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital tracts, as well as the eyeball) is formed, i.e.

In this respect airways and lungs, which are in direct contact and under constant influence of environmental components, including microorganisms, allergens, chemical compounds, all kinds of particles (including nano-sized diameters) possessa powerful immune system of protection localized in the mucosa.

This review highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of airways protection associated with the mucosal immunity system and secretory IgA, with special attention to the mucosal IgA response in COPD, asthma and adverse effects of occupational hazards.

Initially, it was assumed that these lymphoid cells originate from Peyers patches (PPs) because it was shown that PPs and drainage mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) unlike peripheral lymph nodes and spleen, were enriched with precursors of IgA-producing plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa.

It was also shown that the differentiation of plasma cells occurs during the spread of mucosal B cells.

Thus, the fraction of cells with cytoplasmic IgA increases from the initial 2 in the PPs to 50 in MLN and up to 75 in the thoracic lymphatic duct and ultimately up to 90 in the lamina propria of the intestine 19; 63.

This, in turn, gave rise to the notion that the mucosal immune system conditionally has inductive and effector structures.

Inductive structures include LTAM along with lymph nodes draining the mucosa, whereas the effector structures are.

Mucous and associated endocrine glands are the largest activated B-cell system of the body, the main product of which, dimeric IgA (containing J-chains) and a certain amount of pentameric IgM.

Nevertheless, LTAM contacts exogenous antigens located on the surface of the mucosa directly through the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) which plays a major role in mucosal immunity.

Representing a very small part of the mucosal surface, the FAE contains a unique type of epithelial cells ( M cells) whose primary function is to absorb and transfer microorganisms and other antigenic material through the epithelial barrier to dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes located within and even under the epithelium 28.

The FAE is separated from the underlying lymphoid follicle by the zone of subepithelial dome filled with T and B cells, as well as the DCs, which effectively absorb the material transported by the M cells.

Some DCs and lymphocytes migrate to intra-epithelial pockets formed by M cells 38.

Despite the common features inherent in the above organs and tissues, the mucosal immune system possesses characteristics that reflect anatomical and physiological features.

Veterinarnaya Klinicheskaya Patologiya M Dzhekson3661431 Series Of Single

The main component of LTAM is the lymphoid tissue associated with the intestinal wall including the PBs the appendix and a series of single follicles called isolated lymphoid follicles.

Induction of the mucosal immune response is also carried out at the expense of LTAM located in the nasopharynx and bronchi.